This book provides an in-depth review of the history, fundamental theory, design strategies, and applications of nanogenerators. Working principles, device mechanisms, material characteristics, types of nanogenerators, and their different uses are fully explored. Top researchers in the field of sustainable technology from different backgrounds and fields contribute their expertise to deliver a must-have practical resource for students, academic researchers, and industry professionals. FEATURES Describes the fundamental aspects and theory of nanogenerators Explores design strategies including material assessment based upon planned application Tailors the introduction and essential concept discussion for the industrial and research community Explores current applications, existing challenges, and the future outlook for the field

Semiconductors with optical characteristics have found widespread use in evolving semiconductor photovoltaics, where optical features are important. The industrialization of semiconductors and their allied applications have paved the way for optical measurement techniques to be used in new ways. Due to their unique properties, semiconductors are key components in the daily employed technologies in healthcare, computing, communications, green energy, and a range of other uses. This book examines the fundamental optical properties and applications of semiconductors. It summarizes the information as well as the optical characteristics and applicability of semiconductors through an in-depth review of the literature. Accomplished experts in the field share their knowledge and examine new developments. FEATURES Comprehensive coverage of all types of optical applications using semiconductors Explores relevant composite materials and devices for each application Addresses the optical properties of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors Describes new developments in the field and future potential applications Optical Properties and Applications of Semiconductors is a comprehensive reference and an invaluable resource for engineers, scientists, academics, and industry R&D teams working in applied physics.

Electroactive polymers are smart materials that can undergo size or shape structural deformations in the presence of an electrical field. These lightweight polymeric materials possess properties such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, rapid response time, easy controllability (especially physical to electrical), and low power consumption. Electroactive Polymeric Materials examines the history, progress, synthesis, and characterization of electroactive polymers and then details their application and potential in fields including biomedical science, environmental remediation, renewable energy, robotics, sensors and textiles. Highlighting the flexibility, lightweight, cost-effective, rapid response time, easy controllability, and low power consumption characteristics of electroactive polymers, respected authors in the field explore their use in sensors, actuators, MEMS, biomedical apparatus, energy storage, packaging, textiles, and corrosion protection to provide readers with a powerhouse of a reference to use for their own endeavors. Features: Explores the most recent advances in all categories of ionic/electroactive polymer composite materials Includes basic science, addresses novel topics, and covers multifunctional applications in one resource Suitable for newcomers, academicians, scientists and R&D industrial experts working in polymer technologies .

Porous Polymer Science and Applications aims to provide recent developments and advances in synthesis, tuning parameters, and applications of porous polymers. This book brings together reviews written by highly accomplished panels of experts working in the area of porous polymers. It encompasses basic studies and addresses topics of novel issues concerning the applications of porous polymers. Chapter topics span basic studies, novel issues, and applications addressing all aspects in a one-stop reference on porous polymers. Applications discussed include catalysis, gas storage, energy and environmental sectors making this an invaluable guide for students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial experts working in the field of material science and engineering and particularly energy conversion and storage. Additional features include: Provides a comprehensive introduction to porous polymers addressing design, synthesis, structure, properties and characterization. Covers task-specific applications of porous polymers. Explores the advantages and opportunities of these materials for most major fields of science and engineering. Outlines novel research areas and potential development and expansion areas.

Conducting polymers are organic polymers which contain conjugation along the polymer backbone that conduct electricity. Conducting polymers are promising materials for energy storage applications because of their fast charge-discharge kinetics, high charge density, fast redox reaction, low-cost, ease of synthesis, tunable morphology, high power capability and excellent intrinsic conductivity compared with inorganic-based materials. Conducting Polymers-Based Energy Storage Materials surveys recent advances in conducting polymers and their composites addressing the execution of these materials as electrodes in electrochemical power sources. Key Features: Provides an overview on the conducting polymer material properties, fundamentals and their role in energy storage applications. Deliberates cutting-edge energy storage technology based on synthetic metals (conducting polymers) Covers current applications in next-generation energy storage devices. Explores the new aspects of conducting polymers with processing, tunable properties, nanostructures and engineering strategies of conducting polymers for energy storage. Presents up-to-date coverage of a large, rapidly growing and complex conducting polymer literature on all-types electrochemical power sources. This book is an invaluable guide for students, professors, scientists, and R&D industrial specialists working in the field of advanced science, nanodevices, flexible electronics, and energy science.

Nanostructured electrode materials have exhibited unrivaled electrochemical properties in creating elite supercapacitors. Morphology Design Paradigm for Supercapacitors presents the latest advances in the improvement of supercapacitors, a result of the incorporation of nanomaterials into the design - from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, and microporous to mesoporous. The book includes a comprehensive description of capacitive practices at the levels of sub-atomic and nanoscales. These have the ability to enhance device performance for an extensive assortment of potential applications, including consumer electronics, wearable gadgets, hybrid electric vehicles, stationary and industrial frameworks. Key Features: Provides readers with a clear understanding of the implementation of these materials as electrodes in electrochemical supercapacitors. Covers recent material designs and an extensive scope of electrode materials such as 0D to 3D. Explores recent nanostructured-system material designs that have been created and tested in supercapacitor configurations. Considers microporous to mesoporous supercapacitor electrode materials. Features the impact of nanostructures on the properties of supercapacitors, including specific capacitance, cycle stability, and rate capability.

The research and development activities in energy conversion and storage are playing a significant role in our daily lives owing to the rising interest in clean energy technologies to alleviate the fossil-fuel crisis. Polymers are used in energy conversion and storage technology due to their low-cost, softness, ductility and flexibility compared to carbon and inorganic materials. Polymers in Energy Conversion and Storage provides in-depth literature on the applicability of polymers in energy conversion and storage, history and progress, fabrication techniques, and potential applications. Highly accomplished experts review current and potential applications including hydrogen production, solar cells, photovoltaics, water splitting, fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries. Chapters address the history and progress, fabrication techniques, and many applications within a framework of basic studies, novel research, and energy applications. Additional Features Include: Explores all types of energy applications based on polymers and its composites Provides an introduction and essential concepts tailored for the industrial and research community Details historical developments in the use of polymers in energy applications Discusses the advantages of polymers as electrolytes in batteries and fuel cells This book is an invaluable guide for students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial experts working in the field.

Among electrode materials, inorganic materials have received vast consideration owing to their redox chemistry, chemical stability, high electrochemical performance, and high-power applications. These exceptional properties enable inorganic-based materials to find application in high-performance energy conversion and storage. The current advances in nanotechnology have uncovered novel inorganic materials by various strategies and their different morphological features may serve as a rule for future supercapacitor electrode design for efficient supercapacitor performance. Inorganic Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Design depicts the latest advances in inorganic nanomaterials for supercapacitor energy storage devices. Key Features: ? Provides an overview on the supercapacitor application of inorganic-based materials. ? Describes the fundamental aspects, key factors, advantages, and challenges of inorganic supercapacitors. ? Presents up-to-date coverage of the large, rapidly growing, and complex literature on inorganic supercapacitors. ? Surveys current applications in supercapacitor energy storage. ? Explores the new aspects of inorganic materials and next-generation supercapacitor systems.

This book systematically describes free-standing films and self-supporting nanoarrays growing on rigid and flexible substrates, and discusses the numerous applications in electronics, energy generation and storage in detail. The chapters present the various fabrication techniques used for growing self-supporting materials on flexible and rigid substrates, and free-standing films composed of semiconductors, inorganic, polymer and carbon hybrid materials.

This book exhibits novel semiconductor black phosphorous (BP) materials that are developed beyond other 2D materials (graphene and TMDs). It accurately reviews their manufacture strategies, properties, characterization techniques and different utilizations of BP-based materials. It clarifies all perspectives alongside down to earth applications which present a future direction in the biomedical, photo, environmental, energy, and other related fields. Hence, the sections accentuate the basic fundamentals, synthesis, properties, applications, state-of-the-art studies about the BP-based materials through detailed reviews. This book is the result of commitments by numerous experts in the field from various backgrounds and expertise. It will appeal to researchers, scientists and in addition understudies from various teaches, for example, semiconductor innovation, energy and environmental science. The book content incorporates industrial applications and fills the gap between the exploration works in the lab and viable applications in related ventures.

This book explores key parameters, properties and fundamental concepts of electrocatalysis. It also discusses the engineering strategies, current applications in fuel-cells, water-splitting, metal-ion batteries, and fuel generation. This book elucidates entire category viewpoints together with industrial applications. Therefore, all the sections of this book emphasize the recent advances of different types of electrocatalysts, current challenges, and state-of-the-art studies through detailed reviews. This book is the result of commitments by numerous experts in the field from various backgrounds and expertise and appeals to industrialists, researchers, scientists and in addition understudies from various teaches.

Conducting polymers are organic polymers which contain conjugation along the polymer backbone that conduct electricity. Conducting polymers are promising materials for energy storage applications because of their fast charge-discharge kinetics, high charge density, fast redox reaction, low-cost, ease of synthesis, tunable morphology, high power capability and excellent intrinsic conductivity compared with inorganic-based materials. Conducting Polymers-Based Energy Storage Materials surveys recent advances in conducting polymers and their composites addressing the execution of these materials as electrodes in electrochemical power sources. Key Features: Provides an overview on the conducting polymer material properties, fundamentals and their role in energy storage applications. Deliberates cutting-edge energy storage technology based on synthetic metals (conducting polymers) Covers current applications in next-generation energy storage devices. Explores the new aspects of conducting polymers with processing, tunable properties, nanostructures and engineering strategies of conducting polymers for energy storage. Presents up-to-date coverage of a large, rapidly growing and complex conducting polymer literature on all-types electrochemical power sources. This book is an invaluable guide for students, professors, scientists, and R&D industrial specialists working in the field of advanced science, nanodevices, flexible electronics, and energy science.

This book presents sustainable synthetic pathways and modern applications of ammonia. It focuses on the production of ammonia using various catalytic systems and its use in fuel cells, membrane, agriculture, and renewable energy sectors. The book highlights the history, investigation, and development of sustainable pathways for ammonia production, current challenges, and state-of-the-art reviews. While discussing industrial applications, it fills the gap between laboratory research and viable applications in large-scale production.

This book exhibits novel semiconductor black phosphorous (BP) materials that are developed beyond other 2D materials (graphene and TMDs). It accurately reviews their manufacture strategies, properties, characterization techniques and different utilizations of BP-based materials. It clarifies all perspectives alongside down to earth applications which present a future direction in the biomedical, photo, environmental, energy, and other related fields. Hence, the sections accentuate the basic fundamentals, synthesis, properties, applications, state-of-the-art studies about the BP-based materials through detailed reviews. This book is the result of commitments by numerous experts in the field from various backgrounds and expertise. It will appeal to researchers, scientists and in addition understudies from various teaches, for example, semiconductor innovation, energy and environmental science. The book content incorporates industrial applications and fills the gap between the exploration works in the lab and viable applications in related ventures.

This book presents sustainable synthetic pathways and modern applications of ammonia. It focuses on the production of ammonia using various catalytic systems and its use in fuel cells, membrane, agriculture, and renewable energy sectors. The book highlights the history, investigation, and development of sustainable pathways for ammonia production, current challenges, and state-of-the-art reviews. While discussing industrial applications, it fills the gap between laboratory research and viable applications in large-scale production.

This book systematically describes free-standing films and self-supporting nanoarrays growing on rigid and flexible substrates, and discusses the numerous applications in electronics, energy generation and storage in detail. The chapters present the various fabrication techniques used for growing self-supporting materials on flexible and rigid substrates, and free-standing films composed of semiconductors, inorganic, polymer and carbon hybrid materials.

This book explores key parameters, properties and fundamental concepts of electrocatalysis. It also discusses the engineering strategies, current applications in fuel-cells, water-splitting, metal-ion batteries, and fuel generation. This book elucidates entire category viewpoints together with industrial applications. Therefore, all the sections of this book emphasize the recent advances of different types of electrocatalysts, current challenges, and state-of-the-art studies through detailed reviews. This book is the result of commitments by numerous experts in the field from various backgrounds and expertise and appeals to industrialists, researchers, scientists and in addition understudies from various teaches.

Among electrode materials, inorganic materials have received vast consideration owing to their redox chemistry, chemical stability, high electrochemical performance, and high-power applications. These exceptional properties enable inorganic-based materials to find application in high-performance energy conversion and storage. The current advances in nanotechnology have uncovered novel inorganic materials by various strategies and their different morphological features may serve as a rule for future supercapacitor electrode design for efficient supercapacitor performance. Inorganic Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Design depicts the latest advances in inorganic nanomaterials for supercapacitor energy storage devices. Key Features: Provides an overview on the supercapacitor application of inorganic-based materials. Describes the fundamental aspects, key factors, advantages, and challenges of inorganic supercapacitors. Presents up-to-date coverage of the large, rapidly growing, and complex literature on inorganic supercapacitors. Surveys current applications in supercapacitor energy storage. Explores the new aspects of inorganic materials and next-generation supercapacitor systems.

Nanostructured electrode materials have exhibited unrivaled electrochemical properties in creating elite supercapacitors. Morphology Design Paradigm for Supercapacitors presents the latest advances in the improvement of supercapacitors, a result of the incorporation of nanomaterials into the design - from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, and microporous to mesoporous. The book includes a comprehensive description of capacitive practices at the levels of sub-atomic and nanoscales. These have the ability to enhance device performance for an extensive assortment of potential applications, including consumer electronics, wearable gadgets, hybrid electric vehicles, stationary and industrial frameworks. Key Features: Provides readers with a clear understanding of the implementation of these materials as electrodes in electrochemical supercapacitors. Covers recent material designs and an extensive scope of electrode materials such as 0D to 3D. Explores recent nanostructured-system material designs that have been created and tested in supercapacitor configurations. Considers microporous to mesoporous supercapacitor electrode materials. Features the impact of nanostructures on the properties of supercapacitors, including specific capacitance, cycle stability, and rate capability.

This edited book provides an in-depth overview of carbon dioxide (CO2) transformations to sustainable power technologies. It also discusses the wide scope of issues in engineering avenues, key designs, device fabrication, characterizations, various types of conversions and related topics. It includes studies focusing on the applications in catalysis, energy conversion and conversion technologies, etc. This is a unique reference guide, and one of the detailed works is on this technology. The book is the result of commitments by leading researchers from various backgrounds and expertise. The book is well structured and is an essential resource for scientists, undergraduate, postgraduate students, faculty, R&D professionals, energy chemists and industrial experts.

This edited book compiles all category viewpoints in waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) dispersions, composites, characterizing techniques, and allied applications such as coatings, adhesives, sealants, anticorrosive, flame-retardant, and biomedical applications. The book brings together panels of highly accomplished experts in the field of advanced polymers for versatile applications. It encompasses basic studies and addresses topics of novel issues which cover all the aspects in one place. The book is an invaluable guide to newcomers, research scholars, professors, and R&D industrial experts working in the field of polyurethane chemistry. Polyurethanes are excellent materials in coating technology owing to their chemical resistance, toughness, abrasion resistance, and mechanical stability. However, polyurethane dispersion contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) which are harmful to the environment. Hence, green chemistry research focuses on discovery of waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) and pay attention. WPUs have fascinated growing interest in wide range of industrial and commercial applications.

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Switchable Solvents explores the preparation, properties, chemical processes and applications of this class of green solvents. The book provides an in-depth overview on the area of switchable solvents in various industrial applications, focusing on the purification and extraction of chemical compounds utilizing green chemistry protocols that include liquid-liquid, solid-liquid, liquid-gas and lipids separation technologies. In addition, it includes recent advances in greener extraction and separation processes. This book will be an invaluable guide to students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial specialists working in the field of sustainable chemistry, organic, analytical, chemical engineering, environmental and pharmaceutical sciences.

This edited book focusses on green chemistry as the research community endeavours to create eco-friendly materials and technologies. It provides an in-depth overview of the fundamentals, key concepts and experimental techniques for eco-friendly synthesis of organic compounds and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles/nanomaterials. It also emphasizes the mechanisms, designing and industrial technologies for green synthesis and its applications. Each chapter brings the recent developments, state of the art, challenges and perspectives which cover all the aspects in one place, and which concern the green synthesis and evolution. Authored by world-renowned experts in a broad range of green chemistry sectors, this book is an archival reference guide for researchers, engineers, scientists and postgraduates working in the field of sustainable science, green chemistry, environmental science, engineering sciences and industrial technologies.

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Green Inorganic Synthesis provides an in-depth review of the synthesis of inorganic materials utilizing green chemistry protocols. It summarizes the green synthesis methods used for the preparation, processing and development of inorganic materials. The methods for the synthesis of various inorganic materials includes microwaves, sonochemical, electrochemical, bioinspired, enzyme mediated, sol-gel, solid state, etc. It also includes green-solvents driven inorganic material synthesis using ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, plant-derived materials, and microorganisms. The content of this book provides useful information which may be used to inspire the readers to new synthetic routes for sustainable inorganic synthesis. This book brings together panels of highly-accomplished experts in the field of inorganic chemistry. It is a unique book, extremely well structured and essential resource for undergraduate, postgraduate students, faculty, R&D professionals, production chemists, environmental engineers, and industrial experts.

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Plant-Derived Green Solvents: Properties and Applications provide a comprehensive review on the green solvents such as bio solvents, terpenes, neem, alkyl phenols, cyrene, limenone, and ethyl lactate, etc. which are derived from plant sources. Chapters discuss introduction, properties, and advantages to the practical use of plant-derived solvents. Plants-derived solvents are an excellent choice for real-world applications to reduce the environmental and health safety considerations. This book is the result of commitments by top researchers in the field of biosolvents from various backgrounds and fields of expertise. This book is a one-stop reference for plant solvents and overviews up-to-date accounts in the field of modern applications and the first book in this research community.